Abstract: Background: Exposure to both synthetic and naturally occurring chemical substances can cause a wide range of reactions such as Drug-Induced Liver Injury(DILI). It is a serious problem due to the increasing number of substances being used for the treatment of different illnesses, coupled with the growing popularity of herbal products encourage self-medication but are not strictly regulated. It can be challenging to predict, diagnose, and treat (DILI) due to the wide range of underlying mechanisms and risk factors. DILI can range in severity from moderate transaminase elevation to potentially fatal acute liver failure. Aim: The purpose of this review article is to gain a better understanding of DILI , which includes its causes, classification, the more toxic medications, and chemicals that can lead to DILI. The purpose also covers the biomarkers and liver function tests that can help identify this condition, as well as the substances that are commonly used for liver protection. Methods: We made a worldwide search through well-known online databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier, and others to keep going with related liver disease trials that have been approved in previous years. Conclusion: DILI is one of the leading causes of liver disease globally, resulting from the use of prescription, over-the-counter, and herbal medications. Due to the lack of a single clinical, laboratory, or histologic characteristic specific to the illness, diagnosing DILI can be challenging.For an accurate diagnosis, it is essential to establish a causal correlation between the suspected substances and other causes of liver injury.

Abstract: Background: The transcription factor p63 is a member of a family of transcription factors p53, which play a fundamental role in cell growth, multiplication, programming, differentiation and apoptosis, henceforth, aberrantly involved in the form of different variants in breast cancers. Objectives: The study aimed to determine if p63 could serve as a novel method for identifying nuclear myoepithelial cells in a normal growing cell setting for both breast cancer in situ and lesions. Methods: This study is a combination of retrospective and prospective case series analysis. It involved examining 86 samples of breast lesions obtained from private clinics and laboratories in Ninawa Province (Iraq). The study was done on the excisional biopsy, lumpectomy, and mastectomy specimens. We performed an immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis to examine the intensity of the p63 nuclear protein. The extent was scored based on the percentage of positive cells and assigned a score of negative (0%), score 1 (<25%), score 2 (26–90%), and score 3 (91-100%). Results: 61 of the 86 cases examined had benign  diagnosis, while 25 were malignant, Nuclear positivity was found in all benign lesions when using IHC staining with p63 and in the malignant cases 19 were found to be positive while 6 were negative. Conclusions: Based on the aforementioned data, we can conclude that p63 serves as a valid IHC marker for distinguishing between challenging cases, carcinoma in situ cases, cases in the grey area, and cases with an unclear histomorphological diagnosis.

Abstract: Background:  This prospective hospital-based study conducted in Tikrit City (Iraq) aimed to investigate the role of melatonin and the level of haemoglobin A1c and lipid profile concentrations in metabolic syndrome patients. The present study sought to identify the role of serum melatonin in MetS male patients. Methods: Participants were all males aged 18-50 years. A total of 60 metabolic syndrome male patients versus 30 healthy control male participants were enrolled in the present study. Blood samples were collected at a specific time (10 P.M. to 1 A.M.) and analyzed for measurement of haemoglobin A1c, lipid profile and melatonin. Results: Melatonin is significantly (p>0.001) lower in patients with metabolic syndrome (206.55 ±105 pg/ml) compared with the control group (298.82±110.4 pg/ml).  The metabolic syndrome has significantly (p >0.001) elevated HbA1c % and lipid profile compared with the control group. Conclusion: In metabolic syndrome patients, serum melatonin concentration is reduced alongside elevated lipid profile glycemic control compared to normal people, these characteristics could participate in further enhancing the underlying pathology of metabolic syndrome diseases.

Abstract: Background: Waterpipe smoking, also known as hookah or shisha smoking, has gained popularity in recent years, particularly among young adults and adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at four universities in Syria, using an interviewer-administered questionnaire aimed to determine the prevalence of waterpipe smoking among university students in Syria, explore their attitudes and awareness of the health risks, and assess their intentions to quit smoking. 321 students participated in the study with a gender ratio of 44.2% male and 55.8% female. Results: The most common positive perceptions of Waterpipe were related to entertainment (20.6%) and stress reduction (9.3%). The negative perceptions of the waterpipe according to the students, as 29.3% stated that everything in the waterpipe is harmful. Almost every student has stated in a way or another the dangerous and negative effects of smoking waterpipe (99%). A significant percentage of students believe that the most common reasons for using a waterpipe are self-expression, boredom, and the availability of time. The majority of waterpipe smoking students, 83 expressed no plan of giving up smoking (52.8%). Approximately half of the students abstain from smoking waterpipe entirely, attributed to their heightened awareness and understanding of the health hazards associated with smoking, both for themselves and those around them. Only 6.9% of students have named tuberculosis a disease that can be transferred by waterpipe and 36.4% have named influenza virus as waterpipe transferable. Furthermore, 28.7% of participants asserted that the coronavirus is transmitted through waterpipe. Conclusion: Waterpipe smoking poses a significant health challenge in Syria, therefore, this study contributes with data that support eradication of this health issue. 

Abstract: Objective: In the world of anesthetics, ketamine is unique. Over thirty years ago, the substance was first used in therapeutic practice to act as a "mono-anesthetic," causing analgesia, forgetfulness, loss of consciousness, and immobility. ketamine is frequently found in equal amounts as the enantiomers S(-) and R(+)-ketamine in a racemic mixture. From a pharmacological perspective, glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, is the primary target of ketamine. It is a non-competitive antagonist Working at one of the three glutamate receptors, the N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Despite of its side effects, ketamine has shown to be an effective treatment due to its short half-life and lack of clinically significant respiratory depression. Aim: the review sought to highlight the important neurobehavioral activity of ketamine in the light of its agonist of mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. Methods: That included online published materials from Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, and many other websites to gather as much as possible of information together. Conclusions:  Ketamine, is  a potent anesthetic and psychotropic drug. Beyond its antidepressant properties, ketamine has also been investigated for its potential in treating chronic pain, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use disorders.