Pharmacology and Toxicology
Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Mechanisms and Counteracting Herbal-Derived Products

Doha Ismail Alrawi; Musab Mohammed Khalaf; Mohammed Khalid Jamaludeen

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.33899/iraqij.p.2024.145444.1078

Abstract
  Background: Exposure to both synthetic and naturally occurring chemical substances can cause a wide range of reactions such as Drug-Induced Liver Injury(DILI). It is a serious problem due to the increasing number of substances being used for the treatment of different illnesses, coupled with the growing ...  Read More ...

Pharmacology and Toxicology
Mechanisms and Linkage of Insulin Signaling, Resistance, and Inflammation

khalil Amjad Hadid; Fawaz A. Alassaf; Mohammed Najim Abed

Volume 21, Issue 1 , March 2024, , Page 1-8

https://doi.org/10.33899/iphr.2023.144181.1065

Abstract
  Background: Chronic inflammation is responsible for low insulin sensitivity, making obesity a major risk factor for developing insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Increased expression of inflammatory cytokines activates several signaling pathways, consequently leading ...  Read More ...

Pharmacology and Toxicology
A Comprehensive View on Drugs-Induced Cardiotoxicity and Its Prevention

Abdulnaser Ahmad Ali; Musab Mohammed Khalaf; Abdulla A. Ahmad

Volume 21, Issue 1 , March 2024, , Page 20-35

https://doi.org/10.33899/iphr.2024.145016.1070

Abstract
  Background: The prevention of drug-induced cardiotoxicity is a complicated challenge facing healthcare providers during the last few decades. This challenge is raised from the unclear definition of the term “cardiotoxicity”, the overlapping of the symptoms of heart dysfunction due to the ...  Read More ...

Pharmacology and Toxicology
Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity: An Update Regarding the Mechanism of Toxicity and Mitigation Strategies of Bee Propolis

Hodhaifa Abdul Mohsin; Mohannad E Qazzaz; Mohanad Alfahad

Volume 20, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Page 72-78

https://doi.org/10.33899/iphr.2023.140439.1046

Abstract
  Introduction: Doxorubicin (Dox.) is a very effective antineoplastic agent for treating various tumours. It produces an anti-cancer mechanism through the intercalation of DNA and reducing topoisomerase II enzyme activity in fast-proliferating cancers. However, Dox. is associated with limited-use adverse ...  Read More ...

Pharmacology and Toxicology
Therapeutic Potential of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate as a DYRK1A Inhibitor in Diabetes Mellitus: An Overview

Doaa Khalid Ibrahim; Nooralhuda Akram Yahya

Volume 20, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Page 168-173

https://doi.org/10.33899/iphr.2023.141712.1048

Abstract
  Background: Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder characterized by chronic high blood sugar levels due to impaired insulin secretion or action. Existing diabetic medications have limitations, including high costs and the risk of hypoglycemia. Aim: To overcome these challenges, researchers ...  Read More ...

Pharmacology and Toxicology
Statin Gastroprotective Mechanisms Independent of Gastric Acid Suppression

Dilgash A Abdullah; Hani Almukhtar

Volume 20, Supplementary Issue 1 , December 2023, , Page 189-194

https://doi.org/10.33899/iphr.2023.142864.1056

Abstract
  Background: Statins have demonstrated various beneficial clinical outcomes, not only in patients with elevated cholesterol levels but also in those with normal levels, a collective phenomenon known as pleiotropic effects. In the cardiovascular system, statins exhibit numerous pleiotropic effects, including ...  Read More ...

Pharmacology and Toxicology
Mirabegron-Induced Smooth Muscle Relaxation: Review of the Suggested Mechanisms

Rahma Saadaldain Almallah; Hani Almukhtar

Volume 20, Supplementary Issue 1 , December 2023, , Page 195-200

https://doi.org/10.33899/iphr.2023.142851.1057

Abstract
  Background: Mirabegron operates through a distinct mechanism compared to antimuscarinic agents. Its activation of β3-adrenoceptors results in the relaxation of the bladder during the filling phase of micturition. The activation of β3-adrenoceptors, which are connected to Gs-proteins, is hypothesized ...  Read More ...

Pharmacology and Toxicology
Systemic Adverse Effects of Topical Clobetasol and Counterfeit Cosmetic Products on Iraqi Women

Teeba H. Sagban; Ausama Ayob Jaccob; Abdulla Ayob Yaqoub; Huda Khadim

Volume 20, Supplementary Issue 1 , December 2023, , Page 201-209

https://doi.org/10.33899/iphr.2023.143457.1061

Abstract
  Background: Topical corticosteroids (TCs) are widely used for dermatologic diseases. Unfortunately, there exists many adverse effects (local and systemic). These adverse effects are comparable to those observed when glucocorticoids are administered systemically, but they are typically less severe. Aim: ...  Read More ...

Pharmacology and Toxicology
The Effect of Cilnidipine on Insulin Sensitivity

Maha Abdalwahab Mahmood; Shatha Hani Mohammad

Volume 20, Supplementary Issue 1 , December 2023, , Page 210-216

https://doi.org/10.33899/iphr.2023.143299.1060

Abstract
  Background: Cilnidipine, a common hypertension medication, is now being studied for its potential to improve insulin sensitivity, which plays a key role in regulating blood sugar levels. Recent research suggests that cilnidipine may benefit individuals with both hypertension and insulin resistance, offering ...  Read More ...

Pharmacology and Toxicology
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Adipokines: The Role of Visfatin and Apelin in Cardiovascular Disease Management

Yaseen Khamees Jumaah; Zainab Haitham Fathi; Jehan Abdulwahab Mohammad

Volume 20, Supplementary Issue 1 , December 2023, , Page 250-260

https://doi.org/10.33899/iphr.2023.143923.1062

Abstract
  Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors are medications pivotal in cardiovascular disease management, impacting the renin-angiotensin system which plays a critical role in cardiovascular health. These inhibitors not only modulate blood pressure and fluid balance but also influence ...  Read More ...

Pharmacology and Toxicology
Sonographic Assessment of Submandibular Salivary Glands in Hypothyroid Rat’s Pups Before and After Ashwagandha Root Extract Treatment

Zahraa Alhalawachee; Ghada Abd Alrhman Abd Alrhman Taqa

Volume 20, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Page 1-6

https://doi.org/10.33899/iphr.2023.137764.1021

Abstract
  Background: One of the most common chronic diseases globally is hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormones serve a significant role in maintaining the proper function and shape of the salivary gland. The aim of the study: Investigate the function of Ashwagandha roots extract in providing a protection role for ...  Read More ...

Pharmacology and Toxicology
The Relationship Between Eye Diseases and Toxic Thyroid Gland: A Concentrated Study

Muthanna Taha Khalaf; Ahmed Shuaib Karmoosh; Akram Ahmed Hamo; Zinah Jasim Mohammed

Volume 20, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Page 60-64

https://doi.org/10.33899/iphr.2023.139757.1039

Abstract
  Background: When the thyroid gland becomes overactive or underactive, a variety of health issues may occur, including eye illnesses. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are the two primary hormones produced by the thyroid gland. These hormones are essential for maintaining of proper eye function. ...  Read More ...

Pharmacology and Toxicology
An Overview of the Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors on Hematological Parameters in Diabetic Patients

Ghada M Ahmed; Mohammed N Abed; Fawaz A Alassaf

Volume 20, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Page 65-71

https://doi.org/10.33899/iphr.2023.137946.1041

Abstract
  Background: Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT2-IS) have been shown to increase hemoglobin (Hb) levels, hematocrit, and erythrocyte count. It has also been found that these agents can potentially reduce the risk of anemia and minimize the need for erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA) ...  Read More ...