Pharmacology and Toxicology
Doha Ismail Alrawi; Musab Mohammed Khalaf; Mohammed Khalid Jamaludeen
Abstract
Background: Exposure to both synthetic and naturally occurring chemical substances can cause a wide range of reactions such as Drug-Induced Liver Injury(DILI). It is a serious problem due to the increasing number of substances being used for the treatment of different illnesses, coupled with the growing ...
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Background: Exposure to both synthetic and naturally occurring chemical substances can cause a wide range of reactions such as Drug-Induced Liver Injury(DILI). It is a serious problem due to the increasing number of substances being used for the treatment of different illnesses, coupled with the growing popularity of herbal products encourage self-medication but are not strictly regulated. It can be challenging to predict, diagnose, and treat (DILI) due to the wide range of underlying mechanisms and risk factors. DILI can range in severity from moderate transaminase elevation to potentially fatal acute liver failure. Aim: The purpose of this review article is to gain a better understanding of DILI , which includes its causes, classification, the more toxic medications, and chemicals that can lead to DILI. The purpose also covers the biomarkers and liver function tests that can help identify this condition, as well as the substances that are commonly used for liver protection. Methods: We made a worldwide search through well-known online databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier, and others to keep going with related liver disease trials that have been approved in previous years. Conclusion: DILI is one of the leading causes of liver disease globally, resulting from the use of prescription, over-the-counter, and herbal medications. Due to the lack of a single clinical, laboratory, or histologic characteristic specific to the illness, diagnosing DILI can be challenging.For an accurate diagnosis, it is essential to establish a causal correlation between the suspected substances and other causes of liver injury.
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Abdulnaser Ahmad Ali; Musab Mohammed Khalaf; Abdulla A. Ahmad
Abstract
Background: The prevention of drug-induced cardiotoxicity is a complicated challenge facing healthcare providers during the last few decades. This challenge is raised from the unclear definition of the term “cardiotoxicity”, the overlapping of the symptoms of heart dysfunction due to the ...
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Background: The prevention of drug-induced cardiotoxicity is a complicated challenge facing healthcare providers during the last few decades. This challenge is raised from the unclear definition of the term “cardiotoxicity”, the overlapping of the symptoms of heart dysfunction due to the underlying diseases and the used drugs or using a combination of drugs which makes it difficult to distinguish between the side effects of each drug. Objective: This review discusses the most causative agents of cardiotoxicity, and their mechanisms to induce cardiac muscle damage, and finally focuses on the most applicable methods to deal with these dangerous heart problems. Methods: The search method involved electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Springer, Google Scholar, and others to resume relevant trials of heart disease published in the period between 2010-2023. Conclusion: Cardiotoxicity is a common substantial adverse effect of many drugs including anticancer drugs and others. The prevention methods may include medications, such as (Enalapril or carvedilol), supplementation with antioxidants, or cardioprotective natural products.
Noor A. Abed; Musab M. Khalaf; Mohammed Kh. Alnori
Abstract
Introduction: Nephrotoxicity is one of the most frequent kidney problems and happens when the body becomes exposed to medicine or toxin. Because renal tubular cells have metabolic activities, nephrotoxin can produce toxic components and cause damage. Paracetamol drug is safe when taken in therapeutic ...
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Introduction: Nephrotoxicity is one of the most frequent kidney problems and happens when the body becomes exposed to medicine or toxin. Because renal tubular cells have metabolic activities, nephrotoxin can produce toxic components and cause damage. Paracetamol drug is safe when taken in therapeutic doses as an antipyretic and analgesic agent but its excessive doses may result in life-threatening renal impairment due to the generation of reactive-toxic metabolites. Scientific efforts are concentrated on discovering preventative or therapeutic medications to shield against the toxicity brought on by paracetamol due to nephrotoxicity. Silymarin, a medicine, is extracted from polyphenolic compounds found in the milk thistle plant. This plant has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous, and other properties and is the most commonly used drug for hepatic illnesses. Also, it has renal-protecting effects. Objective: This review research highlights the nephroprotective of silymarin against paracetamol-induced renal damage.
Hani Almukhtar; Hiyam A. Altaii; Musab M. Khalaf
Abstract
Background: Statins are group of medicines that block mevalonate pathway by competitive inhibition of the rate limiting enzyme hydroxy-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA). Statins additionally inhibit the biosynthesis of important isoprenoid intermediates which have a role in peptidoglycan synthesis ...
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Background: Statins are group of medicines that block mevalonate pathway by competitive inhibition of the rate limiting enzyme hydroxy-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA). Statins additionally inhibit the biosynthesis of important isoprenoid intermediates which have a role in peptidoglycan synthesis and cell growth. Several in-vivo and in-vitro studies have shown that certain type of statin family possess antibacterial activity in bacteraemia and sepsis.Method: Two gram-positive pathogenic bacterial strain Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus species were used for examining the antimicrobial activity of the lipophilic simvastatin using nutrient agar and nutrient broth and results were calculated by measuring the clear zone around the paper disk and compared with those obtained by the antibiotics, amoxycillin and ceftriaxone.Results: Data have shown that simvastatin 1, 3, and 10 and 30 μM inhibited both Staphylococcus aureus and bacillus species, it exhibited inhibitory zone of (17.9 ± 0.6 mm) and (16.9 ± 0.3 mm), respectively.Conclusion: the lipid soluble simvastatin, with relatively higher concentration than those obtained in-vivo, caused a significant inhibition of both Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and bacillus species.
Myasar Alkotaji; Musab M. Khalaf
Abstract
Introduction: Today, SARS-COV-2 infection represents a global threat. Dealing with this viral infection necessitates a comprehensive understanding of pathophysiology of the disease to reach to the suitable treatment. Treatment of this disease should not be restricted to the usual antiviral treatments, ...
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Introduction: Today, SARS-COV-2 infection represents a global threat. Dealing with this viral infection necessitates a comprehensive understanding of pathophysiology of the disease to reach to the suitable treatment. Treatment of this disease should not be restricted to the usual antiviral treatments, which suffered from several limitations including low effectiveness, development of virus-resistant mutations and the unwanted side effects.Knowing that SARS-CoV-2 attack the machinery unit of production of surfactant in the lung, the alveolar type II cells, manifested the importance of this review article on the role of pulmonary surfactant in this disease and the possible role of pulmonary surfactant that can play in treating of COVID-19 patients.Objective: This work tried to clarify the important role of pulmonary surfactant in lung physiology and possible immune-modulatory effect. In addition, the constituents of pulmonary surfactant and their roles against COVID-19 complications is highlighted. This article suggested that surfactant therapy may have a role in COVID-19 therapy and this can be in a form of exogenous (synthetic) surfactant administrated through endotracheal tube or through aerosolization. The pros and cons of these methods of administration have been discussed. Moreover, a possible way of stimulation of endogenous surfactant by administrating a drug that stimulates the synthesis of surfactant has been suggested.